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Pronoun

Pronouns are nominal anaphora, that is, short words that are used to refer to a noun or a noun phrase. Pronouns usually have nominal morphology, though not strictly. Pronoun is a closed class.

Personal pronouns

There are 15 personal pronouns in total. Dual pronouns and 1st person inclusive pronouns are in fact formed by compounding others.

Reflexive

Reflexive pronouns occur as clitic. They are formed by removing the gender vowel and number tone from corresponding personal pronoun.

fènsu fèngòngàr zápmỳfo
I-nom.wo.sg I-acc-look-ind.pst.cnt mirror-dat.mt.sg
I was looking at myself in the mirror.

It also works for indirect object:

tènsa tènfnìchá púürijinsechne
he-nom.wo.sg he-dat-buy-ind.fut.prf birthday-gift-acc.fi.sg
He’ll just buy himself a birthday gift.

There is a difference between reflexive and reciprocal for plural pronouns.

lúccynsỳ lúcnmeërá’ar
you-nom.dual you-acc.sg-love-ind.prs.cnt
You love yourselves

lúccynsỳ lúccyǹmeërá’ar
you-nom.dual you-acc.dual-love-ind.prs.cnt
You love each other.

Note: there is also a idiomatic use of reflexive pronouns:

fènsu fèncwítar I-nom.wa.sg I-gen-be.ind.prs.cnt
I am alone.

fènsu fèncbochar ringyno
I-nom.wa.sg I-gen-repair.ind.pst.prf vehicle-acc.mt.sg
I fixed the car myself.

Indefinite pronouns

These are indefinite pronouns in Hàäsdáïga:

• hipsy: somewhen
• vàtsy: somewhere
• cotsy: somehow
• bansy: someone
• wón: which

Construction of other pro-forms are totally regular:

• It is interrogative when its verb is in interrogative mood.
• Its proximity is determined by a determiner prefix: ci (this) la (that)
• So are any, all/every, other, with zòt, rýnj, púch, respectively.
• Negative forms are formed by negating the “all/every” form. See [Negation].
• The equivalent relative pronouns is unchanged.

Examples:

TODO: add glosses

vungà las hipfy
happen-ind.pst.prf that-nom somewhen-dat
It happened at some point.

saändasi Aäratraäce voö’ir vàtfy
city-nom.ea.sg ember-gen.fi be_located_at-int.prs.cnt somewhere-dat
Where is Ember city?

wónjannane lúcfi càhánì
which-name-acc.fi.sg you-dat.ea.sg give-int.pst.prf
What is your name?

vifi bansy civàtfy
stand-int.prs.cnt someone-nom.sg this-somewhere-dat
Is there anyone here?

rýnjbansý càï’ar njizy lan
every-someone-nom.pl can-ind.prs.cnt do that-acc Everyone can do that.

dy njéna bansa lúcna daïnè’à, connar fènsu
<sub> woman-acc.wo.sg who.nom you-acc.wo.sg help-ind.pst.prf, know-ind.prs.cnt I-nom.wa.sg
I know the woman who helped you.